A chuva extrema é um evento em que a quantidade de precipitação de uma região em um único dia é maior que o normal.
Devido aos impactos das mudanças climáticas, esse evento teve um aumento considerável no Brasil e em outras regiões do planeta nos últimos anos. A chuva forte é responsável por aumentar os riscos de enchentes, deslizamentos e problemas elétricos em grandes centros urbanos.
Para entender como funciona a identificação de uma chuva extrema é necessário compreender o cálculo de chuva média das regiões. Cada cidade ou estado tem uma média anual de chuva que cai durante o ano todo naquele território. O cálculo é feito da seguinte forma: cada milímetro de chuva equivale a 1 litro de água sobre uma área de um metro quadrado.
Em Belém, por exemplo, chove ao longo do ano inteiro e o mês mais chuvoso é março, com média de 370 milímetros de precipitação de chuva. O mês menos chuvoso em Belém é outubro, com média de 40 milímetros de precipitação de chuva.
Mas neste ano de 2024, chuvas extremas estão acontecendo com mais frequência também na capital paraense, nos primeiros meses do ano, o período mais chuvoso na região amazônica, bairros inteiros da região metropolitana registraram alagamentos. Causando muitos transtornos e prejuízos à população.
Segundo relatório do Centro Nacional de Monitoramento e Alertas de Desastres Naturais (Cemaden), no século XX praticamente não ocorriam chuvas extremas. Em contrapartida, nos últimos dez anos, elas têm ocorrido cerca de duas a cinco vezes mais em todas as regiões do planeta.
Segundo os especialistas, as mudanças climáticas têm causado dois grandes problemas no clima terrestre: a seca em algumas regiões e as chuvas extremas em outras. Isso acontece porque as alterações climáticas fazem com que a atmosfera fique mais quente e, consequentemente, armazene mais água do que ela consegue liberar em um curto espaço de tempo.
Então, conforme a temperatura do planeta sobe, a quantidade de chuvas extremas que acontece em uma região também aumenta. Assim, os riscos de catástrofes crescem e a população se encontra cada vez mais vulnerável aos fenômenos ambientais — que podem ter menos impacto com a ajuda de ações humanas sustentáveis.
Ações humanas, desde aquelas realizadas pelas pessoas no dia a dia, até grandes ações de governos, podem contribuir para a redução da temperatura global nas próximas décadas — ou até mesmo a manutenção da temperatura atual. Apenas dessa maneira é possível evitar os efeitos colaterais das chuvas extremas.
Iniciativas como são os polos de resiliência, que são algumas alternativas para lidar com as chuvas extremas — e outras catástrofes. Eles são estabelecimentos que servem comunidades com suporte e recursos, juntamente com ações que buscam reduzir as emissões de carbono enquanto melhoram a qualidade de vida da sociedade ao seu redor.
Apenas considerando soluções alternativas ao modelo de desenvolvimento atual, e mudando hábitos, será possível evitar os efeitos colaterais das chuvas extremas.
Por: Acrizio Galdez – Jornalista da RedeTV Abaetetuba.
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