Ao falar das origens do carnaval brasileiro, é nescessário esclarecer, que ao contrário do que normalmente se imagina, a origem do carnaval em “Terras Brasilis” é totalmente européia. A comemoração carnavalesca data do início da colonização, acontecendo como uma herança do entrudo português e das mascaradas italianas. Somente muitos anos mais tarde, já no início do século XX, é que foram incorporados os elementos africanos, que contribuíram de forma definitiva para o seu desenvolvimento e originalidade.
Foi, portanto, graças aos portugueses que o entrudo desembarcou na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, em 1641. O termo, derivado do latim “introitus” significava “entrada”, “começo”, nome com o qual a Igreja católica denominava o começo das solenidades da Quaresma. No entanto, as festividades do entrudo já existiam bem antes do Cristianismo, eram comemoradas na mesma época do ano e serviam para celebrar o início da primavera.
Em Portugal, como no Brasil, da época, o Carnaval não se assemelhava em nada aos festejos da Itália Renascentista; era uma brincadeira de rua muitas vezes até violenta, onde se cometia todo tipo de abusos e até algumas atrocidades. Era comum os escravos molharem-se uns aos outros, usando ovos, farinha de trigo, polvilho, cal, goma , laranja podre, restos de comida, enquanto as famílias brancas divertiam-se em suas casas derramando baldes de água suja pelas janelas em pedestres desavisados, num clima de quebra consentida da extrema rigidez da família patriarcal.
Foi esse Carnaval mais ou menos selvagem que desembarcou no Brasil com as primeiras caravelas portuguesas e assim se portavam nossos primeiros foliões. Já em meados do século XIX, no Rio de Janeiro, a prática do entrudo passou a ser criminalizada, ao mesmo tempo, a elite do Império criava os bailes de carnaval em clubes e teatros.
No Rio de Janeiro, a elite carioca do período, criou ainda as sociedades carnavalescas, cuja primeira foi o Congresso das Sumidades Carnavalescas, que passou a desfilar nas ruas da cidade. Enquanto o entrudo era reprimido, a alta sociedade imperial tentava tomar as ruas.
Mas as camadas populares não desistiram de suas práticas carnavalescas. No final do século XIX, como uma adaptação às tentativas de disciplinamento policial, foram criados os cordões e ranchos. Os primeiros incluíam a utilização da estética das procissões religiosas com manifestações populares, como a capoeira e os zé-pereiras e tocadores de grandes bumbos. Os ranchos eram praticados principalmente pelas pessoas de origem rural.
As primeiras marchinhas de carnaval surgiram também no século XIX, tendo como nome originário mais conhecido o de Chiquinha Gonzaga, bem como sua música O Abre-alas. O samba surgiria somente por volta da década de 1910, com a música Pelo Telefone, de Donga e Mauro de Almeida, tornando-se ao longo do tempo o legítimo representante musical do carnaval.
Na Bahia, os afoxés surgiram na virada do século XIX para o XX, com o objetivo de relembrar as tradições culturais africanas. Os primeiros afoxés foram o Embaixada Africana e os Pândegos da África. No mesmo período, o frevo passou a ser praticado no Recife, e o maracatu ganhou as ruas de Olinda.
Ao longo do século XX, o carnaval popularizou-se ainda mais no Brasil e conheceu uma diversidade de formas de realização, tanto entre a classe dominante como entre as classes populares. E hoje, é a manifestação cultural que mais caracteriza o Brasil para o mundo.
Por: Acrizio Galdez – Historiador.
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