Maria Quitéria de Jesus (1792-1853), baiana de Feira de Santana, entrou para a história do Brasil como a primeira mulher a ingressar nas Forças Armadas. Mas isso só foi possível porque ela se vestiu de homem, usando os documentos do cunhado, para se alistar como “soldado Medeiros” na luta da Independência da Bahia (1822-1823) para expulsar os portugueses.
Filha de Gonçalo Alves de Almeida e Quitéria Maria de Jesus, Maria perdeu sua mãe aos 10 anos. Sua relação com a terceira esposa de seu pai não era amistosa, o que levou Maria a passar a maior parte de seu dia fora de casa. Sendo assim, ao invés de aprender atividades voltadas à mulher do século XIX (como costurar e bordar), aprendeu a montar cavalos e a manejar armas de fogo.
Quando os mensageiros pró-independência chegaram à sua fazenda, a fim de receber patrocínio e recrutar combatentes, seu pai não colaborou. Mas Maria demonstrou interesse em fazer parte do exército. Seu pai, possesso, não concordou, mas ela, determinada, fugiu de casa e se alistou nas tropas. Para não gerar desconfiança, cortou o cabelo, pediu emprestado um uniforme e se apresentou ao Corpo de Caçadores com o pseudônimo de soldado Medeiros. Duas semanas depois, seu pai, que há tempos a procurava, descobriu seu paradeiro e a delatou ao major Silva e Castro, comandante de sua divisão. No entanto, Maria já havia feito fama entre os militares, em razão da sua bravura e habilidade, e o major não aceitou sua baixa.
Maria Quitéria participou de três combates. Depois do conflito, foi ao Rio de Janeiro para ser condecorada por D. Pedro I com a insígnia de Cavaleiro da Ordem Imperial do Cruzeiro. O pai jamais a perdoou, mas Maria Quitéria ganhou depois uma estátua de bronze em Salvador e, em 1995, foi homenageada pelo Exército como Patrono da corporação, ao lado de figuras como Duque de Caxias (1803-1880) e Marechal Rondon (1865-1958). A entrada das mulheres nas Forças Armadas só foi oficializada na década de 1980.
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